As the brutal heat of summer bears down on us, it is important to remember that exposure to abnormal or prolonged amounts of heat and humidity without relief or adequate fluids can cause various types of heat-related illnesses, including:

Heat cramps

The mildest form of heat injury, consisting of painful muscle cramps and spasms that occur during or after intense exercise and sweating in high heat.

Heat exhaustion

More severe than heat cramps, heat exhaustion results from a loss of water and salt in the body. It occurs in conditions of extreme heat and excessive sweating without adequate fluid and salt replacement. Heat exhaustion occurs when the body is unable to cool itself properly and, if left untreated, can progress to heat stroke.

Heat stroke

The most severe form of heat illness, it occurs when the body’s heat-regulating system is overwhelmed by excessive heat. It is a life-threatening emergency and requires immediate medical attention. Some general guidelines to protect yourself and your family from heat-related illnesses:

• Drink plenty of fluids, such as water and sports drinks, during vigorous or outdoor activities (including sunbathing), especially on hot days.
• Avoid alcohol and caffeinated beverages, as these can lead to dehydration.
• Dress in light-colored, lightweight, tightly-woven, loose-fitting clothing on hot days.
• Schedule vigorous activity and sports for cooler times of the day. Take rest periods in shady or cool areas.
• Protect children from the sun by having them wear a hat and sunglasses and by using an umbrella. Use a sunscreen that is at least SPF (sun protection factor) 15.
• Take frequent drink breaks and “wet down” or mist yourself with a spray bottle to avoid becoming overheated.
• Try to spend as much time indoors as possible on very hot and humid days.
• Do not leave children unattended in a hot automobile.
• Teach children to warm-up and cool-down before and after exercising.
• If your child has a medical condition or is taking medication, consult your child’s physician for further advice for preventing heat-related illnesses.

Visit the main Howard County General Hospital web site for a detailed chart of heat illness symptoms, first-aid, and treatment.